Which of the following are signs of dehydration in a patient?

The signs of dehydration in a patient include dry skin, dark urine, confusion, and dizziness. Each of these symptoms indicates that the body is not retaining enough fluid, which is critical for maintaining normal physiological functions.

Dry skin suggests that the body lacks sufficient moisture, which can lead to a decrease in skin elasticity and overall vitality. Dark urine is a common indicator of dehydration, as concentrated urine is a result of the kidneys conserving water due to inadequate fluid intake. Confusion can arise as dehydration affects cognitive function, leading to difficulty concentrating and altered mental status. Dizziness is another prevalent sign, often resulting from decreased blood volume and pressure, which can limit blood flow to the brain.

In contrast, the other options do not align with signs of dehydration. Excessive sweating, rapid heartbeat, and anxiety may suggest conditions such as heat-related illness or stress rather than dehydration specifically. Clear skin, frequent urination, and high energy indicate good hydration status, which is contrary to the symptoms of dehydration. Regular appetite and healthy digestion pertain more to overall health rather than hydration status and do not signal fluid deficit. Thus, recognizing the symptoms outlined in the correct answer is critical for identifying and addressing dehydration effectively.